It's an important question - and never more so than in today's market. What's next - when your resume doesn't receive an interview; your first round doesn't lead to a call-back; your final round receives a polite rejection?

In this post, I'll highlight the key steps to take when this happens. Not a fun post - but a necessary one.

1. Follow-up and ask for feedback

This is priority numero uno. You'll typically receive a rejection call after the interview. If the caller is one of your interviewers, politely ask him/her for feedback on your performance. Don't come across as bitter, upset, or anyway emotional - simply interested in receiving feedback for future improvement. Example questions to ask are:

-"Mark - thanks for the call. Can I get your honest assessment of where I could've done better?"
-"Janice - I appreciate the response. It felt to me like I didn't perform well in summarizing the cases. Were there other areas that were weaknesses?"

If the caller is not one of your interviewers - send an email (another time when business cards come in handy!) to schedule a quick call for post-interview feedback. 8 times out of 10, they'll agree. The other 2 times, they'll most likely respond directly to the email with some feedback. Here's how you should phrase that email:

Hi Yoda, I appreciated the opportunity to interview with you last Thursday. Unfortunately, Danielle at HR just called to inform me that I won't be receiving an offer. Could I give you a ring to get some post-interview feedback? It would help me in future interviews and to understand how I can improve through this process. Feel free to call me anytime (123-456-7890) or leave a number. Sincerely, George

Short and to the point.

Once you've received feedback, take it to heart! Practice will only help for future interviews or next year's recruiting cycle.

If you don't make it past the resume stage, don't ask for feedback. It's rare that they'll give it, and if they do it'll be very generic. Possible criteria for resume rejections are provided here

2. Focus on upcoming interviews

If this isn't your last interview, prepare doubly hard for the next one. No surprise here. Internalize feedback about your shortcomings ("you were unstructured in your approach to the case...you had an insufficient understanding of the underlying business drivers...we didn't feel that you were a good fit for our company culture"). One of the most common mistakes people make is to practice alone. Do it with another person - it's 5x more valuable. Ask your family as a last resort.

3. Re-evaluate and broaden your pipeline

Steve Shu is on the mark here when he suggests "casting a wide net". Applicants suffer from tunnel vision - the whole "Brain or Bust mentality".

I'll say it here: getting an offer to any of the top 50 management consulting firms is a major accomplishment

Apply to whatever is available and take interviews even if you wouldn't accept the offer. Practice is key and options are valuable.

There simply isn't a database of consulting firms comparable to what exists in investment banking. I'll be posting a large list soon. Until then - Vault has a good starting point here.

As discussed previously, online applications should be a last resort. Networking will be a key differentiator.

4. Explore alternatives such as grad school, finance, and entrepreneurship

Ultimately, you may not have success breaking into consulting. But the game's just started!

There are plenty of other options - ones you should've considered from day 1 anyway. If your heart is still set on management and strategy consulting, the best thing you can do is recruit for jobs with the best combination of brand recognition and skill-development. Suggested areas include finance (eg, investment banking and sales & trading) and the corporate track (eg, corporate management and product management). Not a particularly innovative list - but you get my point.

Consider grad school. Particularly if your undergraduate institution is not a "target school" - a top tier grad school can be a solid reset button. Masters programs are shorter and less selective than other alternatives. Important disclaimer - don't get a masters degree just for recruiting purposes.

Finally, there's entrepreneurship. I'm clearly a big fan, but startups won't allow you to break back into consulting unless you consider post-graduate education. There's no clear network and no channel into management consulting. It is a viable path, however, to venture capital.

5. Network, network, network

Never stop networking. It makes a difference, particularly in tough economic times when there are 10 equally qualified candidates for 2 positions. It comes down to who you know and how well. If you're in school, network at information sessions, social mixers, business conferences. If you're out of school, network through school alumni, colleagues past and present, family and friends. Online media (in particular, blogging and forum discussions) can be another great way to meet people with overlapping interests.

6. Prepare for next year

This particularly applies to summer internship applicants. Driving factors for resume rejection include low GPA, lack of leadership experiences and initiative taking, and lack of strong work experience. Work on them however you can. Interview rejection can include factors above, plus lack of preparation.

7. Finally, continue kicking butt in your current role

Don't slack off. Many complaints that people have about their current jobs are fixable - insufficient responsibility, lack of challenging work, no upward movement. The solution to these topics belongs on another blog, but my advice is to take initiative wherever possible. This applies for current students as well. Your track record of promotions, driving impact, skills learned - will be critical when you try to make the shift.